Study Guide free essay sample

Multiple Choice 1. In ancient cultures, the concept of victim was connected to: a. the notion of sacrifice. b. receiving payment for injuries. c. crime. d. natural disasters. 2. Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between victimology and criminology? a. Victimology encompasses several sub-disciplines, including criminology. b. Victimology can be considered an area of specialization within criminology. c. Victimologists only study the victims of crimes, and criminologists only study the offenders. d.The two disciplines are similar but there are clearly-defined boundaries between them. 3. In contemporary times, the term victim refers to individuals who experience: a. injury. b. loss. c. hardship. d. any or all of the above 4. People can become victims of which of the following? a. accidents b. natural disasters c. diseases d. all of the above 5. _________________ is a one-sided interpersonal relationship in which one party causes harm or injury to the other. a. Victimization b. Victimism c. Subjectivity d. Stockholm Syndrome 6. The scientific study of the physical, emotional and financial harm people suffer because of illegal activities is known as which of the following? a. criminology b. victimology c. sociology d. psychology 7. Which of the following is the major function of victimologists? a. investigating the victim’s plight b. carrying out research on the public’s reaction to victims’ plight c. studying how victims are handled by officials and agencies in the criminal justice system d. all of the above 8. Those who experience the criminal act and its consequences firsthand are called: a. indirect victims. b. primary victims. c. secondary victims. d. direct impactees. 9. Those who suffer emotionally or financially from a crime but are not immediately involved or physically injured by it are known as: a. direct victims. b. primary victims. c. secondary victims. d. social workers. l0. Which of the following are victimologists? a. researchers b. therapists c. case workers d. volunteers l1. Which of the following involves approaching a subject from the standpoint of morality, ethics, philosophy, personalized reactions, and intense emotions? a. objectivity b. subjectivity c. social science research d. observation 12. Which of the following requires the observer to attempt to be fair, open-minded, even-handed, dispassionate, neutral, and unbiased? a. objectivity b. subjectivity c. intelligence d. observation 13. People who routinely engage in lawbreaking are: a. less likely to be victimized than others. b. more likely to be victimized than their law-abiding counterparts. c. seldom on the receiving end of victimization. d. protected because they know how offenders think. 14. Which of the following is a term for the type of media coverage also known as scandal-mongering, pandering, yellow journalism, and tabloidism? a. victimism b. sensationalism c. ideal type d. just deserts 15. The suffix â€Å"ology† merely means: a. a set of known facts. b. hard to understand. c. the study of. d. all of these 16. ___________ is a coherent, integrated set of beliefs that shapes interpretations and leads to political action. a. Victimology b. Victimism c. Ideology d. Criminology 17. __________ is a widely held outlook of people who share a sense of common victimhood. a. Victimology b. Victimism c. Ideology d. Criminology 18. People who oppose a victim-centered outlook do so based on their belief that: a. most so-called â€Å"victims† deserved the harm they received. b. it impedes progress due to its preoccupation with the past. c. once offenders have paid their debt to society they should be left alone. d. it distorts the interpretation of the law. 19. People who accept a victim-centered outlook believe that: a. insight results from understanding history. b. much of our economy and legal system depend upon the existence of offenders and victims. c. once offenders have paid their debt to society they should be left alone. d. most so-called â€Å"victims† deserved the harm they received. 20. Which of the following can undermine the ability of social scientists to achieve objectivity? a. personal experiences b. the discipline itself c. the mood of the times d. all of the above 21. The academic discipline of victimology can be traced back to: a. articles and research conducted in the 1940s and 1950s. b. a series of Supreme Court decisions in the early 20th Century. c. legislation passed by Congress in response to rising crime rates in the 1970s. d. the feminist movement of the 1960s. 22. Embezzlement by employees against their employers is an example of: a. vice. b. white-collar crime. c. street crimes. d. organized crime. 23. Drug smuggling and gun trafficking rackets run by mobsters are examples of: a. vice. b. white-collar crime. c. street crimes. d. organized crime. 24. Hostages often identify with their captors and develop anger toward the law enforcement officers who are trying to rescue them. This phenomenon is known as: a. reverse victimization. b. the Stockholm Syndrome. c. the Heisenberg Principle. d. identity transference. 25. Which of the following is true of street crime? a. it scares the public b. it preoccupies the media c. it keeps police busy d. all of the above 26. The first scholars who considered themselves victimologists studied: a. the resistance put up by rape victims. b. the presumed vulnerabilities of the very young. c. the presumed vulnerabilities of the very old. d. all of the above 27. Victimology is an interdisciplinary field that benefits from the contributions of: a. sociologists. b. criminologists. c. psychologists. d. all of the above 28. Victimology evolved as an area of specialization within: a. social work. b. criminology. c. sociology. d. psychology. 29. _______ embraces the scientific study of crimes, criminals, criminal laws, and the criminal justice system. a. Psychology b. Social work c. Criminology d. Penology 30. Which of the following are most likely to ask why certain individuals become involved in lawbreaking while others do not? a. criminologists b. victimologists c. psychologists d. penologists 31. Which of the following are most likely to ask why some individuals, households, and entities are targeted for crime while others are not? a. social anthropologists b. victimologists c. psychologists d. penologists 32. One similarity between criminologists and victimologists is that they: a. have existed for about the same amount of time. b. share a pro-police viewpoint. c. rely on the same methods used by other social scientists to conduct research. d. all of the above 33. The belief that lawbreakers must be strictly punished, in accordance with the â€Å"crime control† model of criminal justice, is known by which of the following labels? a. victimism b. profile c. needs assessment d. just deserts 34. The _________ refers to how often a type of victimization takes place during a given time period. a. incidence rate b. profile c. needs assessment d. just deserts 35. The ____________ refers to the fraction of the population that has ever experienced victimization. a. incidence rate b. profile c. needs assessment d. prevalence rate 36. ______________ refers to the odds that a person or portion of the population will someday suffer victimization if current rates prevail. a. Incidence rate b. Lifetime likelihood c. Needs assessment d. Prevalence rate 37. A ____________ is a kind of statistical portrait. a. profile b. ideal type c. survivor d. victim 38. A __________________ is an attempt to discover what type of help is required for crime victims to resolve problems and return to their life as before the crime. a. plea negotiation b. prevalence rate c. needs assessment d. lifetime likelihood 39. A __________________ is a process by which offenders are offered some concession in return for a guilty plea. a. plea negotiation b. prevalence rate c. needs assessment d. plea exchange 40. In contemporary terms, an individual who experiences injury, loss, or hardship for any reason is known as a: a. profile. b. ideal type. c. survivor. d. victim. True/False 1. Because of the emotional toll of dealing with injured victims, first responders and rescue workers can be considered secondary victims. a. trueb. false 2. Victimologists include practitioners who directly assist parties to recover from their ordeals or who advocate on their behalf. a. trueb. false 3. People who routinely engage in lawbreaking are more likely to be victimized than their law-abiding counterparts. a. trueb. false 4. It is possible for people engaged in illegal activities to be genuine victims deserving of protection and redress through the courts. a. trueb. false 5. Being harmed at an early age has no impact on the odds of future delinquency and criminality. a. trueb. false 6. Victims of highly publicized crimes are often outraged by the way the news media portrays them. a. trueb. false 7. Victimology has been enhanced by those who equate it with victimism. a. trueb. false 8. Both criminologists and victimologists place a great emphasis on following the proper ways of gathering and interpreting data. a. trueb. false 9. Criminologists and victimologists seldom use the same methods as other social scientists to collect and analyze data. a. trueb. false 10. Both criminologists and victimologists study how the criminal justice system actually works. a. trueb. false 11. In ancient cultures, the concept of victim was connected to the practice of religious sacrifice. a. trueb. false 12. In the original meaning of the term, a victim was a person who had been negatively impacted by crime. a. trueb. false 13. In contemporary times, the term victim refers to individuals who experience injury, loss, or hardship. a. trueb. false 14.Victimization is a one-sided relationship in which one party causes harm to the other. a. trueb. false 15. Criminology is the scientific study of physical, emotional, and financial harm people suffer because of illegal activities. a. trueb. false 16. Victimologists study how victims are handled by officials and agencies in the criminal justice system. a. trueb. false 17. Indirect victims are those who experience the criminal act and its consequences firsthand. a. trueb. false 18. Subjectivity is the approach of victimology from the standpoint of morality, ethics, philosophy, personalized reactions, and intense emotions. a. trueb. false 19. Subjectivity requires that the observer try to be fair, open-minded, even-handed, dispassionate, neutral, and unbiased. a. trueb. false 20. People who routinely engage in lawbreaking are seldom on the receiving end of victimization. a. trueb. false 21. Sensationalism is a kind of media coverage that can be branded as scandal-mongering, pandering, yellow journalism, and tabloidism. a. trueb. false 22. The suffix â€Å"ology† merely means hard to understand. a. trueb. false 23. An ideology is a coherent, integrated set of beliefs that shapes interpretations and leads to political action. a. trueb. false 24. Victimism is a widely held outlook of people who share a sense of common victimhood. a. trueb. false 25. People who oppose a victim-centered outlook do so based on the belief that it keeps victims from being able to move on with their lives. a. trueb. false 26. People who accept a victim-centered outlook do so based on the belief that insight results from understanding past events. a. trueb. false 27. The academic discipline of victimology can be traced back to articles, books, and research produced by criminologists in the 1940s and 1950s. a. trueb. false 28. Embezzlement by employees against their employers is an example of a vice. a. trueb. false 29. Drug smuggling and gun trafficking rackets run by mobsters are examples of white collar crime. a. trueb. false 30. The Stockholm Syndrome is a phenomenon that occurs when an abused spouse sympathizes with the attacker. a. trueb. false 31. The first scholars who considered themselves victimologists studied the resistance put up by robbery victims. a. trueb. false 32. Victimology is an interdisciplinary field. a. trueb. false 33. Victimology evolved as a specialization within criminology. a. trueb. false 34. Social work embraces the scientific study of crimes, criminals, criminal laws, and the criminal justice system. a. trueb. false 35. One similarity between criminologists and victimologists is that they both rely on the same methods used by other social scientists to conduct research. a. trueb. false 36.In accordance with the crime control model of criminal justice, just deserts is the belief that lawbreakers must be strictly punished. a. trueb. false 37. Incidence rates tell us how often a type of victimization takes place during a given time period. a. trueb. false 38. Prevalence rates are the fraction of the population that has experienced victimization. a. trueb. false 39. A plea negotiation is an attempt to discover what type of help is required for crime victims to resolve problems and return to their life as it was before the crime. a. trueb. false 40. The mechanism by which assailants admit their guilt in return for some concession is called a needs assessment. a. trueb. false Essay Questions 1. The term â€Å"victimology† is often mistakenly used in place of â€Å"victimism.† Explain the differences between these terms and show how each should be used. Source: Page 14 2. Discuss the concept of offenders as victims. What is the likelihood that people who routinely engage in lawbreaking can be hurt by their lawbreaking counterparts? Should people engaged in illegal activities be considered genuine victims when they are on the receiving end of criminal acts? Explain. Source: Page 7 3. Discuss the concept of sensationalism and the role of the media in victimology. Source: Page 8 4. Compare victimology and criminology. Be sure to outline both the similarities and differences between the disciplines. Source: Pages 16-19 5. Outline and discuss the role of victimologists. Be sure to include the step-by-step reasoning process that victimologists follow when carrying out their research. Source: Pages 18-22 Study Guide free essay sample Xerox studied the distribution system of L. L. Bean. Xerox compared the performance of it’s distribution system with L. L. Bean’s and used what it learned to improve its operations. This process is called a. employee empowerment b. benchmarking c. copycatting d. industrial espionage 2. You are auditing account transactions. You develop a p-chart for the percent of accounts transactions that have at least 1 error. You examine 200 transactions every day for 20 days. The value of p-bar used to calculate the upper and lower control limits for the p-chart is: a. 0. 045 b. 0. 100 c. 0. 111 d. 0. 900 3. Mr. Johnson from Motorola gave an example of a supplier, Ampenol, producing a part for one of their systems. After producing the part in Mexico, instead of shipping it to Motorola, this company ships the part directly to the customer. This is an example of a. drop shipping b. backward integration c. postponement d. timely customization 4. Statistical process control charts are used a. Economy Political system Dominant religion Culture History Power/inequality Social status Status: the social position that a person occupies. Sex Race Ethnicity Social class Social movements social change Master status: the major defining status or statuses that a person occupies. Human agency: the ability of human beings to create viable lives when they are constrained or limited by social forces. Marriage Patterns Monogamy: marriage between one man one woman Polygamy: a system that allows for more than one spouse at a time. Gender unspecified Polygyny: the marriage pattern in which husbands can have more than one wife. Most common Legal in some regions Polyandry: the marriage pattern in which wives are allowed to have more than one husband. Rare Harsh environmental conditions Patterns of Authority Patriarchy: a form of social organization in which the norm or expectation is that men have the natural right to be in positions of authority over women. Matriarchy: a form of social organization in which the norm or expectation is that the power authority in society should be vested in women. Egalitarian: the expectation that power authority are vested in both men women, equally. Patterns of Descent Bilateral: descent that can be traced through both male female sides of the family. Patrilineal: a descent pattern where lineage is traced exclusively/primarily through the man’s family line. Matrilineal: a descent pattern where lineage is traced exclusively/primarily within women’s families. Residence Patterns Neolocal: the expectation that a newly married couple establishes a residence lives there independently. Most common in the U. S. Patrilocal: the expectation that a newly married couple will live with the husbands family. Matrilocal: the expectation that a newly married couple will live with the family of the wife. History of family life in the U. S. (Family trends) Family life in Colonial America: European Colonists Cornerstone of society: Family Marriage Businesses Central focus of economic production Self-sufficient households Schools Formal schooling rare Parental education Churches Family prayed together Located far away Correctional institutions Jails rare Health social Welfare institutions Nuclear families: family comprised of adults their children Most common Extended families: family comprised of parents, children, other relatives such as grandparents. Exception or more children servants slaves Colonial America: African Americans Slavery Industrialization, Urbanization, Immigration Changed family life in the U. S. 19th-20th century Industrialization Transformed system From small family farms to large urban industries. Work Away from home Urbanization Moving from rural areas/farms to urban areas. In search of jobs Dispersed extended families Vast distances Couldn’t communi cate every day Immigration People from Europe Asia came to U. S. Hopes of better life Cheap labor Fueled industrialization 1830-1930: 30 million immigrants alf workers in industrial settings were immigrants The Poor Working Class Middle Upper Class The Rise of the â€Å"Modern† Family – The 20th Century Major Events Depression Hardships Unemployment Poverty Homelessness World Wars Separated families Men injured/killed WWII Women in labor market Technological innovation Automobile Suburban residential patterns Move into cities Kitchen appliances Companionate family: a marriage based on mutual affection, sexual attraction, compatibility, personal happiness. Domesticity â€Å"MRS. Degree† Average marriage aged dropped Birth rate increased Families Today Never isolated from outside event the social structure in which they live. Shifted to lower-paying jobs Service sector Difficult to support family on one income Women back into labor market Full time Social inequality increasing Rich/poor Middle/lower-income classes Stagnant/decline Temporary jobs Divorce rate increasing Purchasing power Declined Unaffordable housing costs The Importance of Social Science Theory Research (Family Research) Empirical approach: an approach that answers questions through a systematic collection analysis of data. Describe Examine factors that predict or are associated with Explain the cause-and-effect relationships Examine the meanings interpretations Example: because of research, we know that violence among intimates is a serious and pervasive social problem. Survey: a form of research that gathers information about attitudes or behaviors through the answers that people give to questions. Random Sample: A sample in which every â€Å"person of interest† has an equal chance of being selected into your research study. In-depth interview: a research method that allows an interviewer to obtain detailed responses to questions. Experiment: a controlled method for determining cause effect. Focus group: a small interview of people who are brought together to discuss a particular topic. Observational study: research method that goes into the natural setting observes people in action. Secondary analysis: a research method in which the data were collected for some other purpose but still are useful to the researcher. Quantitative research: research that focuses on data that can be measured numerically. Qualitative research: narrative description with words rather than numbers to analyze patterns their underlying meanings. Theory: a general framework, explanation, or tool used to understand describe the real world. Structural Functionalism Theory: attempts to determine the structure, systems, functions, equilibrium of social situations. Conflict theory: emphasizes issues surrounding social inequality, power, conflict, social change. Feminist theory: a theory which gender is seen as the central concept for explaining family structure family dynamics. Social exchange theory: draws upon a model of human behavior used by many economists. It assumes that individuals are rational beings, their behaviors reflects decisions evaluated on the basis of costs-both direct opportunity costs- benefits. Symbolic interaction theory: emphasizes the symbols we use in everyday interaction-words, gestures, appearances- how these are interpreted. Developmental theory: suggests families, individual family members, go through distinct stages over time, with each stage having its own set of tasks, roles, responsibilities. Systems theory: proposes that a family system-the family members the roles that they play-is larger than the sum of its individual members. Chapter 2: Social Status: Sex, Gender, Race, Ethnicity, Social Class Social Stratification: The hierarchal ranking of categories of people within society. Sociological imagination: the recognition that our personal experiences are, in large part, shaped by forces within the larger society. Sex Gender Differences Sex: biological differences between men women, their role in reproduction. Gender: culturally socially constructed differences between males females found in the meanings, beliefs, practices associated with â€Å"femininity† â€Å"masculinity†. Androgyny: processing both masculine feminine traits in near equal proportion. Gender Learning Gender socialization: teaching the cultural norms associated with being male or female. Agents of socialization: the primary groups responsible for gender socialization. Hidden curriculum: gender socialization which is taught informally in school. Gender’s Influence on Our family close relationships: Division of Household labor Women’s work Household labor Do 2 to 3 times the amount than men Childcare Society â€Å"essential nature† Race Ethnicity Race: a category describing people who share real or perceived physical traits that society deems socially significant, such as skin color. Ethnicity: shared cultural characteristics, such as language, place of origin, dress, food, religion, other values. Ethnic group: a group of people who share specific cultural features. Minority groups: a category of people who have less power than the dominant group, who are subject to unequal treatment. Prejudice Discrimination: Pervasive Problems Social capital: Social networking connections, which can be a valuable source of information, such as a resource for job leads. Prejudice: a negative attitude about members of selected recial ethnic groups. Stereotypes: oversimplified sets of beliefs about a group of people. Discrimination: Behaviors, actions, or practices based on racial or ethnic preferences that have harmful impacts. Individual Institutional Social Class Social Class: a social position based primarily on income wealth, but occupational prestige educational level may be relevant as well. Boundaries are theoretically open SES: Some combination of education, occupation, income. The Upper Class Most powerful Influence on Economy Tremendous Average income $1,200,000 per year â€Å"old money†/†blue bloods† Social register â€Å"New money† Not a lot of mixing in social classes The Upper Middle Class 15-20% of population physicians, dentists, lawyers, etc. $100,000-$200,000 per year local political affairs Value education The Middle Class $40,000-$100,000 per year 0% of population distinct set of values prioritize security at home at work white collar jobs highly skilled blue collar The Working Class $20,000-$40,000 factory/custodial plan carefully to pay monthly bills insecure The Working Poor 15% of population minimum wage jobs $20,000 No health insurance The Underclass 3-5% of popul ation Social Mobility: Movement from one social class to another. Poverty Poverty guidelines: guidelines established in 1964 as a way to measure the number of people living in poverty; based on a thrifty food budget, multiplied by three. â€Å"poverty line† Who is poor? 43. 6 million people/14. 3 % 2009 1% of children 1 in 5 Children, blacks, Hispanics, female-headed households are most vulnerable. Age Children under 18: 20. 7% Race Black: 25. 8% Hispanic: 25. 3% Family type Female-Headed: 29. 9% Consequences of poverty Inadequate health/nutrition Quality of the home environment Parental stress/mental health Fewer resources for learning Housing problems Poor-quality neighborhoods Chapter 3: Building Relationships Singlehood Voluntary temporary singles: unmarried adults who may be delaying marriage while pursuing education or establishing a career. Voluntary stable singles: unmarried adults desiring a single/unmarried lifestyle. Involuntary temporary singles: singles actively searching for a mate but unable to find a suitable one. Involuntary stable singles: Unmarried adults who can expect to be single for life though they may not want to be. Differentiate Urbanization from Industrialization Immigration – coming to America Chapter 1: page 17-18 * Acc. to U. S. Department of Justice making unwanted phone calls, following a person – stalking Chapter 4: page 116 Know 8 discussion questions A lot of questions on attachment Attachment: Chapter 4: Page 97 What group is most likely to live in poverty Chapter 2: Poverty, page 61 â€Å"Who is Poor? † Men vs.